Animal Welfare and her fairy godmothers

Once upon a time there was a princess.

She was quite furry and partly covered in scales, and also had a beak, and so she was named Animal.

Her last name was Welfare.

Animal Welfare had four fairy godmothers, who all gave her precious gifts.

The fairy godmothers came from different scientific realms, and they were called Applied Ethology, Veterinary Medicine, Affective Neuroscience and Applied Behaviour Analysis – and each of them offered priceless, irreplaceable gifts to Animal Welfare.

And here’s the twist of this fairy tale:

The fairy godmothers all wore unique glasses – they would each see the world through a different lens; some spectacles were like myopic microscopes, others resembled binoculars. The Godmothers were of different age and nationality, and so didn’t speak the same native language.

Also, they didn’t get along very well; whenever they met, there were squabbles. Heated discussions about whose gift contributed the most to Animal Welfare, and whose approach was the most humane.

Condescending comments.

Eye rolling.

Chance meetings would usually end up with some of them storming off, affronted, frustrated and exasperated at one another.

Animal Welfare was sad, because she loved them all and wanted them to get along better. So she sat down to think about what was at the root of the disagreements.

In some cases, she realized, the conflict was due to language barriers. The same word would mean vastly different things to the different fairy godmothers.

In some cases, it was due to cultural differences. Things were simply done differently in different scientific realms.

And in some cases, it was because the fairy godmothers didn’t understand much about the particular gifts of the others. The lenses through which they saw the world were simply too different.

And one day, Animal Welfare had had enough. She stomped up to them and said: “Listen, I’m tired of your bickering. This conflict isn’t helping me at all – quite the opposite! Tonight I’m throwing a party, and I invite you to sit down and learn each other’s language, and try on each other’s glasses!!”

And so they did.

There was fabulous food, music and dancing. And the fairy godmothers stayed up all night, learning each others’ languages, laughing over silly misunderstandings because of culture differences, and trying on each other’s glasses. And that night, after some karaoke, dancing and perhaps a bit too much to drink, after learning from each other, they discovered new insights – new gifts – that they gave to Animal Welfare.

Animal Welfare flourished, and grew some mighty new wings thanks to the magic from the synergy of the combined skills of her fairy godmothers.

And so, they lived happily ever after. Dancing, talking, and marveling at how extraordinarily beautiful the world looked when combining all the spectacles into one big prism.

The end.

***

Or the beginning.

I’m guessing, if you’ve read this far, that you might be curious what the different fairy godmothers, the different scientific disciplines, all have to contribute to Animal Welfare.

Who knows, maybe there’ll be some spectacles you haven’t tried on yet? 😉

I deeply encourage you to examine the other glasses too, if you haven’t.

Let’s pick them up and have a look. And I’ll give you fair warning: since I’m an ethologist myself, my world tends to be tinted through those glasses, despite my best efforts to take them off.

Applied Ethology.

The main value of Applied Ethology to Animal Welfare is that it can help us set up optimal environments – this perspective helps ask the right questions when planning and preparing an area for the arrival of a new animal.

As ethologists, we make sweeping generalizations about species or populations of animals, and we make educated guesses how best to care for them in a captive environment. Some of the most important questions that might be asked are:

• Is this a predatory or prey species?
• Which senses does it use to perceive the world, and what types of behaviours can be expected when foraging or hunting?
• How does it utilize its habitat; is it arboreal, terrestrial, or aquatic?
• Have any behavioural needs been identified for this particular species?
• Which social structure or dynamics might we expect to be optimal for this species? How about group size? Migration patterns: do females or males leave the natal group – or both?
• What behavioural adaptations might we expect when animals become fearful? Do they run? Climb a tree? Burrow?

The answers to these questions will help us arrange an environment that’s likely to provide the new animal with an interesting, safe and enriched environment that gives the opportunity of carrying out natural behavior patterns.

In my opinion, the primary gift of Applied Ethology to Animal Welfare is in preventing behavioural problems, as well as providing opportunities for natural behaviours.

Veterinary Medicine.

The obvious value of Veterinary Medicine to Animal Welfare regards the physiological welfare of the animal. But some of the latest findings in the area of Veterinary Medicine is about the effect of medical conditions and physiological imbalances on behavior.

• Pain influences behavior – in dogs, it’s been found that noise phobias are often associated with pain. Address the pain, solve the behavioural problem.
• Nutrition influences behavior – by changing the diet, behavior may change.

It seems there’s a paradigm shift going on in the veterinary community, and it stems from this short and sweet realization:

Behaviour is medicine.

Veterinarians have started to act on the fact that behaviour influences physiology, and physiology influences behavior – and explains many behavioural problems. For instance, the Fear Free approach is spreading through the veterinary community, having huge success in providing better veterinary care, getting happier customers and animals who actually look forward to their veterinary visit.

I believe that the primary gift of Veterinary Medicine to Animal Welfare is to address physiological welfare, and through this approach prevent and diminish behavioural problems.

Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA).

The primary value of ABA to Animal Welfare is to help solve individual behavioural problems.

The other three scientific perspectives mentioned here all make more or less sweeping generalizations about populations of animals. ABA looks at individuals – and how a specific animal behaves in a specific context.

From the ABA perspective, we might ask questions like:

• What function does a particular behavior serve in the context in which it’s shown?
• What is the outcome of the behavior? What does this individual animal obtain, or get away from, by doing the behavior?
• What triggers the behavior? What about the setting, or events or stimuli in the environment, makes the animal choose to show that particular behavior at that particular moment in time?
• How can we change the environment to change behavior? Can we change the outcome, the consequences, of the behavior? Can we change the environment, remove the triggers? Add other triggers or other outcomes to entice the animal to choose another, more desirable behavior?

In my view, the main gift of ABA to Animal Welfare is that it helps us understand behavior on an individual level, and gives us the tools to change undesired behavior and facilitate desirable behavior.

Affective Neuroscience.

The value of Affective Neuroscience to Animal Welfare is to help get confident, happy animals who thrive with people. That’s not to say that you can’t achieve this outcome by viewing behaviour through the other lenses, but this perspective helps give a laser focus on emotions and relationships in particular.

When wearing the Affective Neuroscience glasses, we might ask questions like:

• What do positive and negative emotional states generally look like in this species (or individual), and what types of stimuli or situations generally elicit them?
• What is the animal’s general mood state, seen over, say, a 2-week interval?
• What type of parental care is given, and how might we optimize environments so that caregivers can do the best job possible of raising their young? How can we carry out weaning procedures to minimize trauma? What is the impact of social separation – and how can we mitigate potentially harmful effects?
• How can we encourage playful and exploratory behavior, to help optimize brain development?
• How can we prevent and diminish fearful and aggressive behavior?
• How can we help animals build strong relationships to relevant humans or animals?

To me, the gift of Affective Neuroscience to Animal Welfare is the realization that emotional experiences influence brain development, and by addressing this we can help shape the young animal’s personality and moods. His social skills. Whether he becomes confident or withdrawn. Explorative, or easily stressed and fearful.

This, in my opinion, is one of the most overlooked scientific perspectives, and indeed, the importance of this perspective with regards to Animal Welfare is often underestimated.

What’s more important, the practical application of this science to Animal Welfare is not that well developed. Also, this young research area is still going through some serious growing pains – neuroscientists disagree on the mechanics of emotional expression.

This disagreement is causing ripples that has potential impact on Animal Welfare, and so I feel compelled to take sides and cast my vote.

Nerdy digression: Why the Theory of Constructed Emotion is Wrong

There are two main “camps” in this conflict, one that claims that emotions are innate, the other that they’re learned.

From an evolutionary perspective, only the first hypothesis makes sense, and it’s my conviction that basic emotions, associated with behaviours necessary for survival, are innate, not learned. The Theory of Constructed Emotion (saying that they’re learned) couldn’t possibly be correct as “learning emotions” would not be an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) – but a strategy involving “innate emotions” would.

On a population level, animals who showed innate predispositions to behave emotionally (for instance, running when fearful, vocalizing when alone) in critical situations would survive better than animals who learned what to do through trial-and-error, since errors in such critical situations will likely get them killed.

Individuals who tried-and-failed would be weeded out of the population in a matter of generations, leaving only individuals who’d be likely to get-it-right-the-first-time, that is, showing innate emotional action tendencies.

Natural selection at work.

In other words, Lisa Barrett’s theory of Constructed Emotions violates some foundational tenets of evolutionary theory, and it’s my conviction that it is flawed.

Why is this important, then, from the Animal Welfare perspective? Because the “emotions are innate” perspective involves the identification of a handful of Core Emotions, all of which are extremely important to animal welfare, and their importance can be summarized in the concept of the five Ps. The “emotions are learned” perspective leaves us as animal caregivers floundering with little to no additional powers (beyond what’s provided to us by the other scientific disciplines listed here) to predict behaviour, prevent problem behaviour, problem solve, prioritize or get precision in our efforts to change behaviour and improve Animal Welfare.

This topic is the proverbial can of worms, and I’ll keep the lid on that can, for now. Leave it for another blog post, perhaps.

Language barriers.

In my experience, most of the language confusion arises between ABA practitioners and the other three realms. Here’s where I’ve seen most of the dissention, at least. A few examples:

• “Function of behaviour” in ethology is about evolutionary adaptation. It’s about how a particular behavior helps animals survive and reproduce better than those that don’t show that behavior.
• “Function of behavior” in ABA is about specific contexts. How does a particular behavior serve an animal here and now, leading to desired outcomes for that particular individual; achieving reinforcers or escaping or avoiding punishers.

Also, there’s this disagreement about labelling. In some disciplines, labelling is part of the job description. In ABA, it’s definitely not.

• The ethologist will use labels like “aggressive”, or “dominant”. This is a way to group different types of behavior with similar outcomes – a way to get meaningful data on a population level. For instance, an ethologist may say things like “aggressive behavior in the population was more frequent when food was patchily distributed than when it was evenly distributed”.
• The ABA practitioner will avoid terms like “aggressive” or “dominant”. They’ll rather describe the actual behaviours, using verbs. What is the animal actually doing? They may say things like “If Donald finds a food patch, and snarls and lunges at the other individuals, then he’ll get all the food”.

The ethologist and the ABA practitioner may arrive at the same conclusion, that maybe something should be done about how food is distributed to a specific group of animals, but they’ll use different terminology to describe the problem, they may choose different solutions, and they’ll evaluate the outcome of their intervention differently, using different statistical methods.

One reason ABA practitioners avoid labelling is that they can avoid the potential risk of mis-labelling.

Take, for instance, this problem: “the dog is aggressive to strangers”.

The ABA practitioner will ask: what does that look like? What does the dog actually do – which behaviours do you see? And what is the outcome of that behavior?

Because that term, “aggression”, is a label that’s not helpful in revealing the function of the behavior in the particular context where it occurs. Depending on what the animal actually does, and the outcome of the behavior, there could potentially be several functions (as defined by the ABA practitioner, not the ethologist) involved. Here might be a few examples of behaviours that people would perhaps label as “aggressive”:

• The dog stiffens, stares and growls – and people back away from him.
• The dog barks with a high pitch and lunges forward – and you say his name and give him cookies.

Here, these “aggressive” behaviours have different function (again, from the ABA perspective)– the outcomes in those two situations are vastly different, and the way to address those situations would also be vastly different.

That is, neither the label “aggressive” nor the answer to the question “what is the animal doing” will be of any real use in this context. It’s not understanding the behaviours that determine how we would address those situations, but rather recognizing their (ABA) functions.

Combining the lenses.

I feel I need to temper my description of the different perspectives by saying that although I’ve listed these 4 scientific approaches to Animal Welfare as if they were exclusive, they’re really not.

There IS overlap, and indeed, some of the questions I’ve suggested under one heading might also be asked under the umbrella of another scientific discipline. I’ve merely placed the question under the heading where it makes the most sense for me personally – and again, I am an evolutionary biologist. Someone with another background might choose to group those questions differently – or indeed replace them with other questions.

It’s my deepest conviction that it’s through combining the lenses that the true magic happens. It’s when we draw from the gifts of all four fairy godmothers, and their different scientific perspectives,  that we can get the deepest understanding of an individual animal’s need here and now, today, in this context.

And in order for this to happen, we must start picking up each others’ glasses, and trying them on. Learning about the different scientific disciplines beyond the bare bones that I presented (and to a degree, I’m sure, misrepresented) here.

And also acknowledge that people will define Animal Welfare differently.

Perhaps, indeed, we should throw that party, with funny hats, silly games, karaoke and dancing?

After all, having fun improves welfare – for humans as well as for other animals! And who knows, there might be other, as of yet undiscovered, fairy godmothers out there!

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