{"id":631,"date":"2016-03-22T10:17:08","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T09:17:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/?p=631"},"modified":"2025-02-20T14:13:21","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T13:13:21","slug":"five-ps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/five-ps\/","title":{"rendered":"The five Ps: the advantages of considering emotions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>revised February 2025.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/4384424_s-e1458635465440.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-635\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"267\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/4384424_s-e1458635465440.jpg\" alt=\"4384424_s\" class=\"wp-image-635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/4384424_s-e1458635465440.jpg 267w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/4384424_s-e1458635465440-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Crouching&#8230; or fearful?<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Is the dog depicted above crouching, or fearful?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, I know, it&#8217;s nigh impossible to guess which emotional state an animal is in from a still picture. We need motion, and context, to be able to do that. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I guess what I&#8217;m really asking is: do you look at animals and see predominantly their <em>behaviour<\/em>, or do you take a stab at considering their <em>emotional\/mood<\/em> state? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this blog post, I hope to convince you to develop the second perspective, if you haven&#8217;t already.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, I would encourage you to start using <em>emotion labels<\/em> &#8211; one of the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/\" target=\"_blank\">three types of useful labels<\/a> when it comes to animals and their behaviour. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The world of animal trainers is divided, and I find that some trainers avoid the subject of animal emotions altogether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;There\u2019s no need to factor in and understand emotions, just deal with the observable behaviour&#8221;,<\/em> is the gist of what some trainers and animal professionals say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>Although many of them <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/why-assume-animals-have-emotions\/\" target=\"_blank\">don\u2019t question that animals have emotions<\/a>, many tend to address the observable behaviour rather than the emotion that&#8217;s underpinning it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s say, for instance, that crouching is an Undesired Behaviour. Many animal trainers would then resolve the issue of unwanted crouching by making changes to the environment to encourage some other, more desirable behaviour.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And it works, too. I\u2019m not disputing that. At least in some cases &#8211; and I&#8217;ll get back to when I think that approach completely misses the target.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m just compulsive about looking at everything from different angles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It works \u2013 <em>but is there a better way?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can we improve wellbeing and reduce suffering of the animals in our care by factoring in their emotions &#8211; on top of being good observers of behaviour?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I think so.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1111\" src=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/bigstock-funny-kitten-portrait-with-smi-47892293-1200x833.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Addressing the animal&#8217;s emotional state rather than their behaviour has five advantages.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Taking emotions into account when interacting with the animals in our care has some distinct advantages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The five P&#8217;s<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The five advantages incidentally all start with the letter P, hence, without further ado I give you <strong>the five Ps: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Prediction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Problem Solving<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Precision<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prioritizing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll get to all of these five P&#8217;s in a moment, but first&#8230; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The secret ingredient:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A pinch of anthropomorphism<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Anthropomorphism (the attribution of human traits, emotions and intentions to animals) is a word with extremely negative connotations. For many animal professionals, it\u2019s a no-no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For me, it\u2019s a tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or better yet, a spice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like\u2026 cayenne pepper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or tabasco.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overused, it can spoil everything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And yet &#8211; just a pinch can make all the difference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I don\u2019t like sizzling hot food, so I use <em>very <\/em>little. Just to bring out the flavors and add that little extra something.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/cayenne.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-637\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"810\" height=\"387\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/cayenne.jpg\" alt=\"cayenne\" class=\"wp-image-637\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/cayenne.jpg 810w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/cayenne-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/cayenne-768x367.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A pinch of anthropomorphism is all we need.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>OK, Karolina, very interesting. But how does cayenne relate to animal emotions and anthropomorphism?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A pinch would be the equivalent of thinking: <em>I wonder what situations could cause this animal to be fearful. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Overuse would be comparable to thinking: <em>I\u2019m afraid of snakes \u2013 therefore this animal must be too.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many people have been warned about anthropomorphism, not realizing that a perhaps even more insidious trap is anthropodenial (a term coined by Frans de Waal), a blindness to the humanlike characteristics of other animals, or the animal-like characteristics of ourselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anthropodenial would be comparable to thinking: <em>I sit on the Homo sapiens pedestal and am completely different from all other animals in all respects.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finding the right balance is important. We should remember that we humans are also just one animal species among others, but at the same time we shouldn&#8217;t project your own emotions or intentions on the animal, but observe closely and think <em>\u201cis there an emotional state that could be involved in producing this behaviour?\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>or even &#8216;<em>could this situation trigger some important emotional reaction, and if so, is it a desirable emotion or an undersirable one<\/em>?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an applied ethologist working to improve captive animal welfare, I\u2019m biased to especially considering fearful behaviour, foraging behaviour and social behaviour \u2013 all related to different core emotional states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019ll focus on fearful behaviour in this blog post. In the core emotion lingo introduced by Jaak Panksepp, the emotion is FEAR, written in caps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s get back to the five P&#8217;s, starting with prediction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prediction.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>If we take emotional states into account, we can predict where problematic situations might occur. Different species tend to have different reactions when they\u2019re afraid, for instance.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-638\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2364\" height=\"3706\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log.jpg\" alt=\"Holland lop bunny log\" class=\"wp-image-638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log.jpg 2364w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log-768x1204.jpg 768w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log-653x1024.jpg 653w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Holland-lop-bunny-log-1200x1881.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2364px) 100vw, 2364px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Rabbits hide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zebras run.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monkeys typically climb a tree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, prey species tend to be more fearful than predators. They\u2019re generally more easily startled, and respond to a wider range of stimuli \u2013 different depending on the species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Armed with this knowledge, we can prepare escape routes: set up the environment so that the <em>animals get the opportunity of doing what they evolved to do when they\u2019re fearful<\/em>. I discuss&nbsp; and illustrate this in my senior lecturer&#8217;s exam lecture, <a href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/crash-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">part 2 about ethology,<\/a> but here are some pointers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Give the bunnies hide-outs. Make sure they have two exits, and that every individual has somewhere to go so that there\u2019s no unfriendly rabbit blocking the entrance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide the zoo-housed zebras with a big corral so that they can obtain a suitable flight distance from all spectators. If they\u2019re spooked, they can have somewhere to run that\u2019s far enough away from the scary object or person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Make sure that the monkey exhibit contains many climbing opportunities, so that they can use vertical space. Monkeys usually have strict dominance hierarchies and the highest ranking individuals tend to monopolize the higher levels. For this reason, there need to be enough levels so that even the lowest ranking individuals have the chance of performing the behaviour of jumping up to an empty spot when someone sounds the alarm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you ask: <em>yes<\/em>. Dominance is a very important mechanism when it comes to monkeys&#8217; social lives. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">The dominance concept<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\"> <\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">m<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">a<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">y<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\"> <\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">b<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\"> <\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">s<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">v<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">r<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">l<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">y<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\"> <\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">m<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">i<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">s<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">u<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">n<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">d<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">e<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">r<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">s<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">t<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">o<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">o<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/labels\/#dominance\" target=\"_blank\">d<\/a> and misused with regards to dog or horse behaviour, but many species, including most monkeys, show distinct dominance hierarchies, especially in captivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ensuring that animals have opportunities of reducing fear by performing species-typical behaviour is key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, they may get frightened. Such is life. But if they do, they can do something to reduce that fear. They\u2019re <em>in control<\/em>, as it were.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Incidentally, <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/does-your-animal-have-control\/\" target=\"_blank\">animals in control have higher welfare<\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prevention.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the reasons why core emotions are so powerful is that they have tremendous survival value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An animal that doesn\u2019t respond with FEAR&nbsp;to danger will likely not survive long. So, animals need to come prepared to respond fearfully to relevant stimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are innate fears. Almost all mammals and birds, regardless of species, will respond with a fear reaction to the following triggers \u2013 without prior learning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Pain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sudden movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loud noises<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Certain smells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of control<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Novelty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/9422593_s-e1458636754169.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-639\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/9422593_s-e1458636754169.jpg\" alt=\"9422593_s\" class=\"wp-image-639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/9422593_s-e1458636754169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/9422593_s-e1458636754169-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Restraint implies lack of control and may cause FEAR.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In addition to these innate fear triggers, there are learned fears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cat learns that the transport box predicts going to the vet to get a shot, which includes exposure to loud noises, novelty, lack of control and pain. The transport box thus predicts innate fear stimuli. A whole bunch of them. This would be what&#8217;s referred to as <em>trigger stacking.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So kitty starts fearing the transport box.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Is there anything you can do about these fears, innate or learned?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider what type of stimuli or situations that may occur that could potentially trigger fear reactions, and make sure to teach the animal<a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/the-golden-combination-sdcc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> (through for instance systematic desensitization and counter conditioning)<\/a> that they\u2019re not harmful \u2013 <em>before they even show fearful behaviour. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, by carefully and gradually presenting stimuli that could trigger innate FEAR, you reduce their power as future triggers <em>and&nbsp;<\/em>you eliminate the learned fears that could otherwise be associated with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Animals who are not overly fearful have higher welfare.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Thomas-di-Lucio-flickr.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-640\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Thomas-di-Lucio-flickr.jpg\" alt=\"Thomas di Lucio flickr\" class=\"wp-image-640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Thomas-di-Lucio-flickr.jpg 640w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/Thomas-di-Lucio-flickr-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">photo by Thomas di Lucio, flickr<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Problem solving.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Animals who are fearful may show a whole range of behaviour. The fearful crouching dog may tremble, shed hairs, blink, lift a front paw, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, as FEAR escalates, behaviours change. If the animal is cornered, FEAR may switch over into RAGE, another core emotion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You don\u2019t want that. That\u2019s when things could get dangerous. That\u2019s when animals desperately try to break free using the weapons at their disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By focusing your attention on the emotional state rather than on individual responses that may or may not be shown for any length of time, you can cut to the core of the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By helping the animal change his emotional state, you will change the behavioural manifestations too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let me re-phrase that sentence, because it carries some extremely important implications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>When emotions change, so does behaviour. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Behaviour can change, not because the animal learned something, but because emotions changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See what I\u2019m getting at?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m getting at the fact that <em>people may be fooled to think the animal has learned something, when in fact, all that has happened is that the animal has changed emotions, for instance, by becoming fearful.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is one of the <a href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/punishment-problems\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">main problems with punishment<\/a> as a learning tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Say that the&nbsp;dog pulls on the leash. The owner&nbsp;punishes the&nbsp;dog, say, by kicking him and saying \u201ctsssst!\u201d as some dog trainers on TV advocate. The dog stops pulling, and the owner&nbsp;thinks it\u2019s because he\u2019s learned that pulling leads to unpleasant consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That may be so. The owner will likely&nbsp;find out on the next walk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, it could simply be that the dog is now frightened and no longer in that SEEKING mode (another core emotion!) that lead him to pull in the first place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That\u2019s a double whammy, by the way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SEEKING is a wonderful feeling, FEAR sucks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The problem with FEAR is that as arousal escalates, learning goes out the window. The animal may stop responding to known cues, become frantic \u2013 or flip into RAGE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s vital to recognize when there\u2019s a FEAR component in a behavioural problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Problem solving is facilitated by considering emotional states<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Precision (nerd warning).<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Skip this part if you\u2019re not a training nerd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Still here? Well, I did warn you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you\u2019re training animals, you can get precision through a better understanding of motivation. For instance, we know that the dopamine response involved in the core emotion SEEKING leads to increased arousal and focus. If you\u2019re an advanced animal trainer, it\u2019s good to know a bit about the potential physiological reactions to how you set up the training, and how that set-up may impact behaviour, motivation, and the risk of frustration and the animal giving up and quitting on you. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ever wonder why a VR2 is the optimal Variable Ratio Schedule if your highest priority is to keep the animal engaged? In other words, delivering a reinforcer on average on every second response?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because that ratio essentially implies the maximum amount of unpredictability. There\u2019s 50% chance of getting a reward, and 50% of not getting one. That\u2019s as unsure as it can get.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That type of unpredictability of appetitive stimuli completely hijacks the dopamine system involved in the SEEKING response. Professor <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/robert_sapolsky_the_uniqueness_of_humans\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Sapolsky talks about this in this brilliant TED talk<\/a> \u2013 start looking at 26.30 and keep going for about 5 minutes. Then try to stop watching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If I were a dude, I\u2019d want a beard like that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Woops. This was going to be about FEAR, not SEEKING. Or beards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sorry for deviating, I\u2019ll get back to the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do I recommend a VR2 for most training situations? No, absolutely not. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using ratio schedules is deeply problematic if we don&#8217;t know what we&#8217;re doing, for several reasons.&nbsp; For instance, the animal must be able to distinguish between <em>unreinforced correct responses<\/em> and <em>unreinforced incorrect responses<\/em>.&nbsp; Also, we&#8217;ll need a random number generator because if we just wing it, we will not do it correctly&#8230;!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather, I would use continuous reinforcement but offer <em>reinforcement variety<\/em> instead, to keep the animal guessing.&nbsp;I discuss all of this in absurd detail in my <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/education\/courses\/advanced-animal-training\/\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Animal Training course<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prioritizing.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the tenets of captive animal husbandry is to allow animals to express species-typical behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Animals in the wild show an enormous number of different behaviours, easily numbering the thousands if detailed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do we prioritize? Which of all those are important?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I would argue that behaviours associated with core emotions are important. Core emotions are tightly linked to behaviours necessary for survival and reproduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Which are the core emotions, then?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, renowned affective neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp has identified seven of them (and he writes them all in caps). Four of them lead to improved welfare, and three of them may have negative impact on the animal&#8217;s long-term health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2505\" height=\"1653\" src=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/promote-positive-welfare.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/promote-positive-welfare.png 2505w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/promote-positive-welfare-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/promote-positive-welfare-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/promote-positive-welfare-1024x676.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2505px) 100vw, 2505px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perils.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>What are the risks of addressing emotions rather than behaviour?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By assigning an emotional state, we move away from observing and start interpreting. &nbsp;The main risk (among several) in doing so is that of misinterpretation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-641\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1769\" height=\"412\" src=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching.png\" alt=\"three emotions_crouching\" class=\"wp-image-641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching.png 1769w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching-768x179.png 768w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching-1024x238.png 1024w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/three-emotions_crouching-1200x279.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1769px) 100vw, 1769px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The cats are all crouching, but they experience different emotions: most likely PLAY, FEAR versus SEEKING.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Don\u2019t lose track of what the animal is actually doing. It takes a keen experienced observer to know the emotional state associated with a specific behaviour for a particular species. For this reason, it\u2019s often a good idea to keep track of actual behaviours (crouching, ears back, large pupils, wide eyes, weight distribution) in addition to the probable core emotional state &#8211; and of course, the context in which they occur, and whether they diminish or intensify as a result of changes in the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why addressing observable behaviour isn&#8217;t enough<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Getting back to why I think it&#8217;s not enough to just look at observable behaviour &#8211; to me it&#8217;s problematic in several ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>When prioritizing, we may focus our efforts on observable behaviour that is troublesome <em>to us<\/em> (such as a barking dog), even though the situation may be troublesome <em>to the animal<\/em> (for instance, the dog may be quiet but still very uncomfortable).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We don&#8217;t realize the importance of certain core emotional states (SEEKING and PLAY, for instance) with regards to brain development, personality, stress coping abilities and social competence &#8211; and even stifle them.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We may fail to notice subtle behavioural signs; the early indicators of unease, unless we&#8217;re specifically looking for them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-5834 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1080\" height=\"781\" src=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/worth-his-weight-in-gold.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5834\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/worth-his-weight-in-gold.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/worth-his-weight-in-gold-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/worth-his-weight-in-gold-1024x741.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2016\/03\/worth-his-weight-in-gold-768x555.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">fedupfred.com publishes sarcastic and educational images about how we treat horses. This one captures the problem of the animal not doing anything noticeable \u2013 so we miss the subtle signs of unease.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>It is my firm belief that as trainers we can <a href=\"http:\/\/illis.se\/en\/how-to-become-a-better-animal-trainer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">be inspired by different scientific disciplines<\/a> &#8211; and the field of emotions is one of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By taking core emotions in animals into consideration, animal trainers may better <em>predict<\/em> responses, <em>prevent<\/em> undesirable behaviours, <em>problem solve<\/em> more efficiently, increase <em>precision<\/em> in their training, and <em>prioritize <\/em>more effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oh, and about that leash pulling &#8211; what to do then, if punishment is out of the question? I <a href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/on-the-danger-of-dog-collars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cover that here.&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>***<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I teach about animal emotions, training and problem solving &#8211; and my <a rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/courses-menu\/\" target=\"_blank\">online courses<\/a> are wildly popular. They&#8217;re only available occasionally, though &#8211; sign up and I&#8217;ll notify you whenever they&#8217;re open for enrollment! You&#8217;ll also learn whenever I offer a free webinar, masterclass &#8211; or publish a new blog post.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You may better predict responses, prevent undesirable behaviours, problem solve more efficiently, achieve better precision and prioritize more effectively.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,24],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=631"}],"version-history":[{"count":57,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7894,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631\/revisions\/7894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illis.se\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}